Research on the Integration Mode, Problems and Solutions of Educational and Knowledge Poverty Alleviation in Contiguous Poverty-Stricken Areas ─ A Case Study of Lvliang Mountain Area

Education poverty alleviation is an endogenous mechanism to explore poverty alleviation in contiguous poverty-stricken areas, which is an important support for the implementation of precision poverty alleviation strategy, and it is the key path to change “blood transfusion poverty alleviation” as “hematopoietic poverty alleviation”. It is of great significance to solve employment, stimulate economic growth and promote the income of poor households. Lvliang mountain area is the famous old revolutionary base in China, and it is one of the fourteen contiguous poverty-stricken areas that the country focus on poverty alleviation during the 13th five-year plan, accounting for one-third of the total number of poor people in Shanxi. To promote education and knowledge poverty alleviation and get out of poverty, it not only need to make full use of the power of culture and the means of knowledge to implement the knowledge poverty alleviation project, achieving the goal of “taking the lead in poverty alleviation and taking the lead to get rich”. And it also need to work closely with governments at all levels and the people in the poverty-stricken areas to combine the top-level design and concrete measures.


INTRODUCTION
The 18th CPC National Congress put forward the grand goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects by 2020 and put forward new requirements from the aspects of economy, politics, culture, society and ecology.In order to achieve this ambitious goal, the central government has made a strategic decision to help 70 million poor people that below the current standard line all out of poverty by 2020.
Since the 1960s, the study of poverty alleviation theory has undergone a great deal from the theory of "poverty culture theory", "resource factor theory", "human quality poverty theory" to "system poverty theory", analyzing the causes of poverty from economic, cultural, human capital and social policy system, and putting forward the corresponding ways of poverty alleviation from the aspects of economy, culture, education and structural adjustment (Junjun Xie, 2012).Education poverty alleviation refers to education investment and education support services for poor people in poverty-stricken areas, making the poor master the knowledge and skills of poverty alleviation, by improving the scientific and cultural quality of the local population to promote the local economic and cultural development, and it is a way of poverty alleviation to finally get rid of poverty.The fundamental and supporting role of education in poverty alleviation has become increasingly prominent, and the effect is more significant (Tianshan Zeng, 2016).As a form of poverty alleviation, knowledge poverty alleviation refers to increase the "blood transfusion" in poverty-stricken areas, at the same time, through the provision of information, knowledge, technology, skills and education to improve the self-production and development capacity of contiguous poverty -stricken Areas.(Zhizhang Wang & Zili Liu, 2014).In the Internet age, increasing the Internet's investment in poverty alleviation, and help the poor to set up Internet thinking to boost the effective implementation of cultural poverty alleviation (Shengli Wang & Lu Xie, 2017).Most economists and sociologists believe that poverty is not only the poverty of material resources, so it is necessary to improve the cultural quality of the poor from the fundamental point of poverty alleviation, thus knowledge poverty alleviation enters the scholar's vision.
From the research results about knowledge poverty alleviation in recent years.First, knowledge poverty alleviation has gradually attracted the attention of the academic circles and government leaders.Knowledge poverty will lead to economic poverty in modern society (Daozhong Fu, 2009).Therefore, in order to change the economic poverty, It is necessary to solve the problem of poor knowledge of poor farmers.For rural poverty alleviation, strengthening the basic education of rural areas in poverty-stricken areas and the training of poor peasants 'labor skills are fundamental to rural poverty alleviation.Second, attach to the important role of Library in knowledge poverty alleviation.One of the footholds of cultural poverty alleviation is to improve the construction of public cultural infrastructure services.Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the construction of cultural infrastructure such as libraries and rural houses in poverty-stricken areas, and fundamentally embark on the path of poverty alleviation (Qingyu Gong, 2016).
Scholars made a lot of achievements through continuous exploration in this field, and laid a solid foundation for the research on the integration of education alleviation and poverty alleviation.However, the following aspects should be able to carry out further research: What is the effective path of education poverty alleviation in contiguous poverty-stricken areas?How to realize knowledge sharing in the implementation of educational poverty alleviation?How to construct the innovation network of knowledge sharing?In this paper, through the analysis of the evolution of educational and knowledge poverty alleviation theory, having a systematic and comprehensive thinking and answer.

State of the literature
• Education poverty alleviation is an endogenous mechanism to explore poverty alleviation in contiguous poverty-stricken areas.
• Knowledge poverty alleviation has gradually attracted the attention of the academic circles and government leaders.
• Attach to the important role of Library in poverty alleviation.

Contribution of this paper to the literature
• Building an innovative cluster network to promote the integration of education and knowledge poverty alleviation.
• Making suggestions on education and knowledge poverty alleviation in Lvliang mountain area.

Brief Introduction of Lvliang Mountain Area
The land area of lvliang mountain area is 36,000 square kilometers, including Shaanxi province's 13 state-level poverty-stricken counties and Shaanxi province's 7 state-level poverty-stricken counties.The 20 povertystricken counties are located on both sides of the Lvliang Mountain.Lvliang Mountain is the western mountainous of Shanxi province.It is a major mountain range on the Loess Plateau and is located at the junction of Shanxi province and Shaanxi province.It is the dividing line between the Yellow River and the tributaries.And it is northeast-southwest and the whole area is dome-like that middle protrusions and both sides are reduced.Therefore, the terrain of Lvliang Mountain area ups and downs and the land is barren and arid.The soil erosion is serious and the water resources is extremely scarce.But it is an important ecological function area.At the end of 2016, the urban population of Shanxi Province accounted for 49.7%, the rural population accounted for 50.3%, and the proportion of urban and rural population is nearly 1:1.Compared with the population composition of Shanxi Province, the proportion of urban population in Lvliang poverty-stricken counties is very small, and the level of urbanization is low.In the rural population of poor counties in Lvliang mountain areas, the number of employees reached 887,000, accounting for 42.50% of the total rural population.Among the rural employees, 531,800 were engaged in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, accounting for 67.19% (sorting out according to internal data of Lvliang municipal bureau of statistics).It can be seen that the urbanization degree of Lvliang mountainous area is low and the non-agricultural employment level is low, which will directly restrict the development of service industry, which makes the invisible unemployment of rural labor transfer lack of effective support.In addition, due to the population resources and environmental conditions and backward productivity, social development is not high and the poverty population is concentrated, resulting in a deep degree of poverty in the region.

The Education Level is Lagging Behind in Lvliang Mountain Area
In 2016, the number of full-time teachers in primary and secondary schools in poverty-stricken counties in Lvliang was 25963, accounting for the total number of full-time teachers in primary and secondary schools in the province by 7.4%; The number of primary and secondary school students in 309356, accounting for the province's primary and secondary school students in the total number of students of 6.3%.Compared with the average county level in the province, the average county level of ordinary primary and secondary school teachers in the area in 2016 was 2020 people / county, accounting for only 64.6% of the average level of Shanxi province.And the average number of students in primary and secondary schools was 24027 person/county, accounting for only 55.4% of the average level in Shanxi province (sorting out according to internal data of Lvliang municipal bureau of education).It can be seen that the educational resources of the area are insufficient and the educational level is low, which leads to the backwardness of education.

The Cost of Living for Poor Students is on the Low Side
According to our survey data in Lvliang mountain area, the proportion of students living in the Lvliang Mountain area with the monthly living expenses of 300 yuan is the highest, reaching 41%; And even nearly 20% of the poor students living in the cost of 200 yuan per month.Now, prices and consumption levels continue to rise, so these living expenses can only make the poor students barely maintain their daily living expenses, but for the poor students in the secondary school stage, especially for the high grade of the poor students, the cost of living is particularly tense.The tense of living costs will obviously have a greater negative impact on the learning of poor students, will distract poor students' attention and energy, and even lead to poor students feel tired of learning.So, this phenomenon requires that education poverty alleviation should focus on the poor students that the cost of living is tense, funding for them to have a certain inclination to basically meet their daily living expenses, and it cannot engage in egalitarianism.

There is a Large Gap in Funding Places for Poor Students
In contiguous poverty-stricken areas of Lvliang mountain area, the depth and scope of poverty has exceeded expectations.Due to geography, natural factors and the lack of appropriate knowledge and skills, most families have more or less a certain degree of poverty.Family poverty will inevitably affect the children's learning and living in the school, and it will have a negative impact on the completion of their studies.Our survey data show that, at present, students who need financial assistance to complete their studies in contiguous povertystricken areas account for more than 45% of the respondents.If they cannot get the appropriate help, poor students will face the risk of dropping out of school at any time.No matter where the learning stage, whether boys or girls, in a poor living environment, the mood of students are eager to change the poor situation is urgent, because they suffer material pressure from family and mental pressure from study, and double pressure cause great shadows on their body and mind.The number of living allowances is generally determined by the provincial finance department and the administrative department of education according to the proportion of the total number of students.However, there are a lot of poor students in the harsh natural environment and economic backwardness area.Although the government will give some tilt in the issue of indicators, there are still some gaps in the number of funded poor student in some places.The headmaster of a junior high school in a county reflected to us in the interview, the number of poor students accounted for 75% of all students, and according to the quota, only 25% of the poor students can receive the appropriate funding.The gap that poor students need to get the funding reached 55%.At present, the gap in contiguous poverty-stricken areas of Lvliang mountain is the common problem in the region and this is also the most prominent problem in the process of poverty alleviation.Some poor students did not get the appropriate funding and had to embark on the road to drop out of school.

Infrastructure Construction Has Been Improved and Investment in Knowledge Poverty Alleviation is Far from Enough
Infrastructure construction is the key link of poverty alleviation.In recent years, countries in the project arrangements, financial subsidies and infrastructure construction, give areas many preferential policies.Transportation, communications, energy and other infrastructure has been significantly changed, which greatly promote the personnel, material and information flow, expanding the source of income.However, there is a serious shortage of special input to the knowledge level in the poverty-stricken areas.At present, only a small number of leading cadres and a small number of teachers have been trained in the minority areas.There is little investment in projects such as upgrading the labor skills of the whole area.Objectively speaking, the investment in hardware facilities in the short term may significantly change the local poverty, but the lack of knowledge and low labor skills often affect the regional sustainable development, leading to some poverty alleviation areas to return to poverty.

Lack of Grass-roots Management Personnel for Poverty Alleviation and the Capacity of Poverty Alleviation Needs to Improve
The grass-roots leadership and management team is the fortress of poverty alleviation, and their overall quality and management skills are directly related to the steady progress of poverty alleviation.But the survey shows that there are many problems in the grass-roots cadres in the townships of Lvliangshan mountain area.First, the total shortage of cadres.From our interview with the township, there are formal preparation of the national cadres in general about 30 people, a small number of townships less than this figure.As a result of multi sectoral cross, more than one person, busy upload issued, most of the time to deal with the stability of the work, the number of managements specializing in poverty alleviation work is seriously inadequate.Second, from the perspective of educational structure, grass-roots cadres of university and secondary school or higher accounted for less than 40%, and even some only junior high school culture, so lacking the ability to master new knowledge and new technology.Third, natural resources, ecological resources, Chinese herbal medicine resources, cultural tourism resources, water resources, etc. are extremely rich in lvliang mountain, but due to the lack of talent with professional and technical, economic, financial management knowledge, many resources can only be idle and not well transformed into the poverty alleviation industry to become a platform for productive employment.

RESEARCH METHODS
The integration of education and knowledge poverty alleviation is the inevitable choice for Lvliang mountain area to seek its own breakthrough and development under the realistic conditions of economic and social development.At present, to promote education and knowledge poverty alleviation and get out of poverty, it not only need to make full use of the power of culture and the means of knowledge to implement the knowledge poverty alleviation project, achieving the goal of "taking the lead in poverty alleviation and taking the lead to get rich".And it also need to work closely with governments at all levels and the people in the poverty-stricken areas to combine the top-level design and concrete measures.

Fully Understand the Importance of Integration of Education and Knowledge Poverty Alleviation and Establish Network Channels to Promote Knowledge Dissemination
The Agenda 21, issued by the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, states that capacity building is a very important concept.In poverty-stricken areas, the poverty of the people is not only the lack of material resources, but also the poverty of social resources, namely, intellectual poverty, information poverty, concept poverty, cultural poverty.The main source of poverty in contiguous poverty-stricken areas are the low quality of population and limited development capacity.Therefore, for governments at all levels, first, innovating ideas and fully understanding knowledge poverty alleviation is an important engine to enhance the quality of the population and the poor people's own hematopoietic function.The improvement of population quality and labor skills will naturally enhance the ability to get rid of poverty.Second, vigorously promoting the concept of advanced ideas, promoting positive values, teaching the useful scientific knowledge and spreading of civilization and customs, etc.With the advanced culture to resist the "poverty culture", establishing a new culture and new fashion to meet the needs of the development of the times.Third, making human resources development and capacity building as the core, lying equal stress on "blood transfusion" and "hematopoietic", combining Longterm and short-term, developing self-reliance and government support simultaneously, developing project poverty alleviation, industry poverty alleviation, intellectual poverty alleviation and concept of poverty alleviation simultaneously.The foothold of poverty alleviation focus on enhancing the ability of poor people to develop their own and to help them master the skills to achieve long-term prosperity.Fourth, making full use of radio and television, network, SMS and other platforms, through practical knowledge transmission, information dissemination, leadership propaganda report to the countryside and other forms to spread popular science knowledge and to help change the mind, guiding the poor population in poverty alleviation social practice to master new knowledge and enhance the "self-hematopoietic" skills.Fifth, fully tapping the traditional cultural resources of the area, running festivals, organizing the traditional skills contest and production technology contest to enrich the spiritual life of the villagers, stimulating the enthusiasm of the villagers to improve production skills and lifestyle.Sixth, creating culture boutique closely related to rural real life to reflect the real life of the people in the form of love, so that the broad masses of the people in the entertaining accept new ideas and new knowledge.

Promote the Integration of Education and Knowledge Poverty Alleviation and Establish the Docking Mechanism of Knowledge and Industry Poverty Alleviation
The deep integration of education and knowledge is an effective form of innovative knowledge poverty alleviation model and to achieve the docking of knowledge and industry development.First, to build educational science and technology information service platform, to build county, township, village, agricultural science and technology four senior education science and technology information service network.Making full use of radio, television, network, SMS and other platforms, releasing practical technology, enrichment projects and other scientific and technological information.In the various towns and better conditions of the village actively push the model of "seven in one" knowledge poverty alleviation including a set of computer equipment, a set of agricultural expert systems, a management rule, a service contract, a signboard and an information release column.To establish scientific and technological information station or point and information release column, and to develop urban and rural comprehensive information service platform, improving the backward situation of information block.Second, integrating township agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and other rural science and technology resources, setting up a comprehensive office in the township to implement full-time and part-time technology promoters, further optimizing the service system.Vigorously implementing the "local talent" development strategy.The county agriculture bureau, poverty alleviation bureau, employment bureau and other departments establish a "local talent information base" and timely updates.The townships establish "local talent" workstation and hire outstanding talents for the local science and technology correspondent, giving full play to their leading role in building the base, running marketing and transmission technology, leading the masses out of poverty.Third, actively exploring the model of "science and technology correspondent + science and technology experts compound + science and technology information service station + base, park, farmer (enterprise)", establishing the compound of agricultural science and technology experts in key industrial base, science and technology demonstration park, key enterprises.Hiring well-known experts and scholars as chief expert, and executive experts within the area science and technology backbone, science and technology correspondent.Grasping scientific research and making demonstration in the field, building the compound into a scientific and technological personnel flow station, industrial research institute, office and practical skills training base, effectively carrying out scientific and technological services for the grassroots masses.Fourth, to further establish and improve the science and technology poverty alleviation targeting mechanism, accurately targeting of poor counties and timely updating the poor households list to ensure that poverty alleviation funds is really used in poverty alleviation development of poverty-stricken counties and poor households.

RESULTS
Building an innovative cluster network to promote the integration of education and knowledge poverty alleviation.Innovative cluster network is an important platform for the integration of education and knowledge poverty alleviation.In this paper, the scale-free network model (BA model) proposed by Albert and Barab a si ( 2000) is used for analysis.Assuming that there are r0 isolated nodes initially, the network has three choices at each moment: adding r new connections at probability p; reconnecting r connections with probability q; introducing new nodes at probability (1-p-q).The above distinction is actually that the new connection of the network is divided into two parts: In the first part, the new connection is divided into net increase and then re-connected again in the case of the existing nodes unchanged; The second part is the new node to bring the new connection.The above three connections options will change the value of a node in the network, the influence equation is: In formula (1), is the probability that the node i has r new connections, since it is possible to be 0, then   +1 ∑ (  +1)  can avoid the lack of   = 0, N represents the system size, that is, the total number of nodes in the network, B = r that there are r new connections.

� 𝜕𝜕𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑖 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 �
(2) In the formula (2), the influence of reconnection on the value has two layers: the degree of disconnection is reduced, and the reconnection means that the degree of value will increase, so there are positive and negative effects.C=r means that disconnect r old connections and introduce r new connections.
In the formula (3), D = r means that r new nodes are introduced.

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By simplification, the formula (4) is: According to the formula of differential equation, the paper can find: represents the change in the probability that the degree value is less than 1 as the value increases.
among them, (, , ) = ( + (, , ) + 1) (,,) (, , ) From the formula (8), the paper can see, () ≈ ( + (, , ) + 1) −1−(,,) It is proved that the distribution of the probability of degree value follows a power function rather than an exponential distribution.Therefore, the innovation cluster, which is integrated by education and knowledge poverty alleviation, is a network system composed of a lot of innovation behavior subjects by non-linear connections.The BA model simulates the evolution process of the innovation network of education and knowledge poverty alleviation, and reveals the formation mechanism of it.

Update the Ideas and Establish the Scientific Concept of Education Development
The spirit of self-help is the foundation of individual development and the source of national prosperity.External funding for poor people is admittedly important, but to establish self-reliance on the subjective consciousness and sense of responsibility is the consolidation policy of anti-poverty for the poor.Therefore, education poverty alleviation should pay more attention to the mental health and capacity building of the poor.
First, to increase the value education, mental health education, skills education and creative education in the basic education.Especially in the education of pre-school children, making good health, safety and survival, economic welfare, sociality and emotional development and school readiness skills as the goal of education, through various channels to conduct a comprehensive education including psychological counseling to help children establish the correct values as early as possible.Second, increasing cultural concept, psychological quality and ability education in the employment of entrepreneurship education.

Reasonable Layout and Establishment of a Sound Education System
Good school education, family education and social education are important guarantee for the healthy growth and smooth development of any person, and three is dispensable.First, expanding educational resources to ensure that all children in poor rural can go to school.To implement the pre-school education action plan, to conduct a thorough investigation about pre-school education development status quo of the 361 villages that accurate identification did not get out of poverty in the city, to take into account the actual, kindergarten layout planning and existing kindergarten coverage and other factors, to make full use of network advantages of rural fixed-point primary and secondary school, to newly built and expand affiliate kindergarten or to build a village kindergarten in the form of "big village alone, small village joint" to meet the needs of poor school-age children to go to kindergarten.Exploring establishment of "urban help rural areas, strong garden with weak garden" and other forms of assistance, encouraging the exemplary kindergarten to export advanced education and management concepts, expand the coverage of quality education resources, improve the quality of teaching through these ways such as holding sub-park, hosting new park, hosting a weak garden, holding cooperatively garden, exchange interaction.And striving to school-age children in poverty-stricken village can go to "good garden."Second, enhancing the ability of precision poverty alleviation in vocational education.To strengthen the construction of secondary vocational schools with professional characteristics and strengthen the vocational skills training for the poor to improve their employability and professional conversion ability.In particular, it is necessary to add some practical technical training courses to vocational education and adult education training for the traditional craft and local characteristics of poor villages.For example, for the tradition of woodworking furniture and the advantages of paper cutting process, Yangxin county teach the poor both economic and social benefits handmade technology that is easy to understand for them, which enhance the confidence of employment and entrepreneurship while increasing their economic income.In the teaching of advanced production technology, at the same time, focusing on instilling modern entrepreneurial ideas and business management concepts to develop their healthy and progressive, pioneering and innovative modern citizenship and to enhance their entrepreneurial enthusiasm and ability.Third, the establishment of parents school in poor village.The family environment is very important to the growth of the individual.The psychological poverty of the poor often has the characteristics of continuity, so the children are vulnerable to the negative impact of parents' psychological poverty, forming a similar psychological poverty of conservative and dependent.Therefore, through the establishment and efforts of parents' school, the parents' philosophy of poor families should be changed to improve the quality of parents, improve family education and prevent the intergenerational transmission of poverty culture and ideas.

Establish the Integrated Cooperation Model of Education and Knowledge Poverty Alleviation
The integrated cooperation model of education and knowledge poverty alleviation in contiguous povertystricken areas refers to breaking the shackles of administrative divisions, integrating knowledge resources of the area, optimizing the resource distribution and establishing a unified platform for knowledge poverty alleviation to increase the spillover benefit of knowledge, and finally achieving the goal of poverty alleviation in the whole area.First, unified planning regional humanistic resources form the cultural network of point to surface radiation.Due to the limitation of administrative divisions, the phenomenon of repeated construction of the cultural infrastructure in the Lvliang mountain area was widespread in the past, resulting in waste of resources and low efficiency.To this end, having a clear background on the cultural resources and grasping the distribution of resources, doing a unified plan to avoid duplication of the same project.Next, establishing the public cultural service system of unified, scientific and rational, urban-rural integration, and gradually forming a cultural network to meet the growing needs of people's spiritual and cultural life.Then, enhancing the level of information to strengthen digital construction of library, museums, cultural centers and tourist attractions, promoting the smooth flow of cultural elements, serving the broad masses of the people and improving the scientific humanities.Lastly, upgrading the portal website and making it becoming a good platform of information transmission, knowledge dissemination, technology promotion, investment, talent introduction, online government, e-commerce.And achieving docking with portals that have an important impact on the domestic and foreign to eliminate the "information island" formed by administrative barriers.Second, giving full play to the important role of civil organizations in knowledge poverty alleviation.Poverty alleviation work is a great cause of mankind and has a broad social foundation.Practice has also proved that poverty alleviation is not only the responsibility of government, but also the common responsibility of all agencies, including non-governmental organizations.Creating conditions and using their talent advantage to help poor villages and tourist attractions to cultivate rural cultural service team and perform talent, so that they can increase income in the development of local tourism and cultural undertakings.Next, guiding them to carry out institutional cultural countryside and urban and rural cultural exchange activities.Regularly organizing villagers to watch technical training film and economic programs to enhance the villagers' awareness of the outside world and improve the technical ability level.And setting up special technical guidance team and experience exchange team to guide farmers farming and breeding.Then, urban and rural areas related institutions use traditional festivals to carry out exchange of friendship, skills competitions, etc., promoting the enthusiasm of the area staff learning skills, and enhancing the ability relying on self-ability to get rid of poverty.