Abstract
Integrating the Kumon method into preschool settings requires teaching competencies existing self-efficacy instruments do not capture. This study developed and validated a nine-dimensional preschool teacher self-efficacy scale for Kumon-oriented instruction, spanning child development knowledge, individual assessment, scaffolding, self-directed learning, mastery-based teaching, motivation, family partnership, literacy and mathematics content knowledge, and STEM integration, administered to 204 preschool teachers in southern Kazakhstan. Confirmatory factor analysis supported each subscale (CFI = .953-.999), with high internal consistency across all dimensions (α = .959-.981). Neither Kumon nor STEM teaching experience differentiated self-efficacy scores. Teaching experience showed a non-linear pattern, with mid-career teachers scoring lower than novice and senior teachers; education level had no predictive value. Latent profile analysis identified three distinct profiles, high (41.2%), moderate (40.7%), and low competency (18.1%), with mid-career teachers overrepresented in the low-competency class. STEM integration was consistently the weakest dimension, with implications for professional development in early childhood instruction..
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This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Article Type: Research Article
EURASIA J Math Sci Tech Ed, Volume 22, Issue 10, October 2026, Article No: em2926
https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/19398
Publication date: 25 Sep 2026
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