Does physical education and health truly belong to STEM? A meta-analysis on the effects of STEM-PA integrations
Muhammet Usak 1 * , Aleksandra Mihajlović 1
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1 Faculty of Education in Jagodina, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, SERBIA* Corresponding Author

Abstract

The integration of physical education, health, and physical activity (PA) into STEM/STEAM education has received increasing attention as a way to promote both academic learning and broader student development. However, findings across individual studies remain inconsistent. This meta-analysis synthesized evidence from 23 independent studies comprising 24 effect sizes and a total sample of 5,238 participants to examine the overall effectiveness of PA-integrated STEM/STEAM interventions and to identify factors that may explain differences in their effectiveness. Effect sizes were calculated using a random-effects model, and moderator analyses were conducted based on educational level, cultural dimension, STEM discipline, outcome type, teaching model, integration type, and intervention duration. The overall analysis indicated a large positive effect of PA-integrated STEM/STEAM interventions on student outcomes (g = 1.05, 95% confidence interval [0.84, 1.26]). Moderator analyses showed that intervention effectiveness varied across all examined moderators. Technology-enhanced and embodied cognition-based teaching models produced the largest effects, while interventions integrating technology with sports contexts were more effective than other integration approaches. Studies conducted in vertical collectivist cultural contexts yielded larger effects than those conducted in vertical individualist contexts. In addition, interventions lasting between three and eight weeks generally produced stronger effects than longer programs. Research findings provide practical guidance for educators and curriculum developers by emphasizing that the effectiveness of PA-integrated STEM/STEAM education depends on purposeful instructional design rather than the inclusion of PA alone.

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This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Article Type: Literature Review

EURASIA J Math Sci Tech Ed, Volume 22, Issue 9, September 2026, Article No: em2908

https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/19177

Publication date: 19 Aug 2026

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