Exploring COVID-19 Literacy Level among Biology Teacher Candidates
Full Text (PDF)
Ahmad Fauzi 1, H. Husamah 1 * , Fuad Jaya Miharja 1, Diani Fatmawati 1, Tutut Indria Permana 1, Atok Miftachul Hudha 1
More Detail
1 Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, INDONESIA* Corresponding Author
Abstract
The specific researches focused on biology teacher candidates in nowadays outbreak/pandemic (COVID-19) condition are very scarce. This study aimed to describe the profile of COVID-19 literacy level possessed by biology teacher candidate students in Indonesia. The data in this survey research was collected between January and March, 2020. The selected location was Malang, one of education city and was announced as the red zone for COVID-19 spread. The total sample were 290 students. The data collection employed the questionnaire, contained of three parts i.e. information of respondent’s identity, profile of information resource, attaining time profile of COVID-19 related information, and COVID-19 literacy level. The students’ literacy scores were analyzed using ANOVA to analyze the presence of student’s years’ effect on COVID-19 literacy of biology teacher candidate students. As a result, students’ years do not have a significant effect on their COVID-19 literacy. Most students had heard of COVID-19 before the disease was reported to enter Indonesia, but only few students were categorized in high level. The campus should respond immediately to these results, considering that students act as agents of information for those around them.
License
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Article Type: Research Article
EURASIA J Math Sci Tech Ed, 2020, Volume 16, Issue 7, Article No: em1864
https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/8270
Publication date: 14 May 2020
Article Views: 4979
Article Downloads: 3508
Open Access References How to cite this articleReferences
- Adams, P. (2020). Classroom connection: Coronavirus misinformation already pandemic. Retrieved April 3, 2020, from News Literacy Project website: https://newslit.org/updates/coronavirus-misinformation-already-pandemic/
- Al-Aufi, A. S., Al-Azri, H. M., & Al-Hadi, N. A. (2017). Perceptions of Information Literacy Skills among Undergraduate Students in the Social Media Environment. International Information and Library Review, 49(3), 163-175. https://doi.org/10.1080/10572317.2017.1293416
- Albright, A. E., & Allen, R. S. (2018). HPV misconceptions among college students: The role of health literacy. Journal of Community Health, 43(6), 1192-1200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-018-0539-4
- Andrea, S. (2020). Tips for fact checking information sharing about COVID-19 on social media. Retrieved April 2, 2020, from Virginia Tech Daily website: https://vtnews.vt.edu/articles/2020/03/socialmedia_expert.html
- Au, R. (2020). Data literacy via COVID-19 - towards data science. Retrieved April 2, 2020, from Towards Data Science website: https://towardsdatascience.com/data-literacy-via-covid-19-38965538f390
- Ayaz-Alkaya, S., & Terzi, H. (2019). Investigation of health literacy and affecting factors of nursing students. Nurse Education in Practice, 34(October 2018), 31-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2018.10.009
- Bakhtiar, T. (2016). Optimal intervention strategies for cholera outbreak by education and chlorination. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 31(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/31/1/012022
- Balmer, D., King, A., Moloney, W., Moselen, E., & Dixon, R. (2020). Nursing students and health literacy: The effect of region and programme level. Nurse Education in Practice, 42(October 2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2019.102688
- Banik, P., & Kumar, B. (2019). Impact of Information Literacy Skill on Students’ Academic Performance in Bangladesh. International Journal of European Studies, 3(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijes.20190301.15
- Barennes, H., Harimanana, A. N., Lorvongseng, S., Ongkhammy, S., & Chu, C. (2010). Paradoxical risk perception and behaviours related to Avian Flu outbreak and education campaign, Laos. BMC Infectious Diseases, 10(March 2006). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-10-294
- Barsell, D. J., Everhart, R. S., Miadich, S. A., & Trujillo, M. A. (2018). Examining Health Behaviors, Health Literacy, and Self-efficacy in College Students With Chronic Conditions. American Journal of Health Education, 49(5), 305-311. https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2018.1486758
- Batterham, R. W., Beauchamp, A., & Osborne, R. H. (2016). Health literacy. In International Encyclopedia of Public Health (Second Edi, Vol. 3). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803678-5.00190-9
- Budd, S. (2020). Science literacy in a changing World: Covid-19 and CitySprouts Youth. Retrieved April 3, 2020, from CitySprouts website: https://www.citysprouts.org/news/2020/3/16/science-literacy-in-a-changing-world-covid-19-and-citysprouts-youth
- Castro-Sánchez, E., Chang, P. W. S., Vila-Candel, R., Escobedo, A. A., & Holmes, A. H. (2016). Health literacy and infectious diseases: Why does it matter? International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 43, 103-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2015.12.019
- Chen, X., Hay, J. L., Waters, E. A., Kiviniemi, M. T., Biddle, C., Schofield, E., … Orom, H. (2018). Health Literacy and Use and Trust in Health Information. Journal of Health Communication, 23(8), 724-734. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2018.1511658
- Cucinotta, D., & Vanelli, M. (2020). WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic. Acta Bio-Medica : Atenei Parmensis, 91(1), 157-160. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v91i1.9397
- DeLuca, E. (2020). Countries with lower literacy levels need different COVID-19 communication strategies. Retrieved April 1, 2020, from Translators without Borders website: https://www.translatorswithoutborders.org/blog/literacy-levels-covid-19
- Denuwara, H. M. B. H., & Gunawardena, N. S. (2017). Level of health literacy and factors associated with it among school teachers in an education zone in Colombo, Sri Lanka. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4543-x
- DeWalt, D. A., Berkman, N. D., Sheridan, S., Lohr, K. N., & Pignone, M. P. (2004). Literacy and health outcomes: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 19(12), 1228-1239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.40153.x
- Duong, T. Van, Sørensen, K., Pelikan, J. M., Van den Broucke, S., Lin, I. F., Lin, Y. C., … Chang, P. W. (2018). Health-related behaviors moderate the association between age and self-reported health literacy among Taiwanese women. Women and Health, 58(6), 632-646. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2017.1333074
- Elsborg, L., Krossdal, F., & Kayser, L. (2017). Health literacy among Danish university students enrolled in health-related study programmes. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 45(8), 831-838. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817733356
- Erich, A., & Popescu, C. (2010). The impact of information literacy in the academic education environment. Library and Information Science, (14), 150-161. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265036131
- Fendos, J. (2020, March 10). Lessons from South Korea’s COVID-19 outbreak: The good, bad, and ugly. The Diplomat. Retrieved from https://thediplomat.com/2020/03/lessons-from-south-koreas-covid-19-outbreak-the-good-bad-and-ugly/
- Gazmararian, J. A., Curran, J. W., Parker, R. M., Bernhardt, J. M., & DeBuono, B. A. (2005). Public health literacy in America: An ethical imperative. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28(3), 317-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2004.11.004
- Genlott, A. A., & Grönlund, Å. (2013). Improving literacy skills through learning reading by writing: The iWTR method presented and tested. Computers and Education, 67, 98-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2013.03.007
- George, T. P., & DeCristofaro, C. (2018). Use of service-learning to teach health literacy with online graduate nursing students. Nursing Education Perspectives, 39(3), 187-189. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NEP.0000000000000231
- Ghaddar, S. F., Valerio, M. A., Garcia, C. M., & Hansen, L. (2012). Adolescent health literacy: The importance of credible sources for online health information. Journal of School Health, 82(1), 28-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2011.00664.x
- Griffey, R. T., Kennedy, S. K., McGownan, L., Goodman, M., & Kaphingst, K. A. (2014). Is low health literacy associated with increased emergency department utilization and recidivism? Academic Emergency Medicine, 21(10), 1109-1115. https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.12476
- Guessoum, N. (2020, March 1). Coronavirus outbreak exposes need for scientific literacy. Arab News. Retrieved from https://www.arabnews.com/node/1635281
- Halsall, T., Garinger, C., Dixon, K., & Forneris, T. (2019). Evaluation of a Social Media Strategy to Promote Mental Health Literacy and Help-Seeking in Youth. Journal of Consumer Health on the Internet, 23(1), 13-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/15398285.2019.1571301
- Kaper, M. S., Reijneveld, S. A., van Es, F. D., de Zeeuw, J., Almansa, J., Koot, J. A. R., & de Winter, A. F. (2020). Effectiveness of a comprehensive health literacy consultation skills training for undergraduate medical students: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010081
- Karimi, Z., Ashrafi-Rizi, H., Papi, A., Shahrzadi, L., & Hassanzadeh, A. (2015). Effect of information literacy training course on information literacy skills of undergraduate students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences based on ACRL standards. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 4, 76. https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-9531.171789
- Karlsen, H., Mehli, L., Wahl, E., & Staberg, R. L. (2015). Teaching outbreak investigation to undergraduate food technologists. British Food Journal, 117(2), 766-778. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-02-2014-0062
- Khan, M., Kazmi, S., Bashir, A., & Siddique, N. (2020). COVID-19 infection: Origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses. Journal of Advanced Research, 24, 91-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2020.03.005
- Khan, M. L., & Idris, I. K. (2019). Recognise misinformation and verify before sharing: a reasoned action and information literacy perspective. Behaviour and Information Technology, 38(12), 1194-1212. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2019.1578828
- Kickbusch, J., & Maag, D. (2008). Health Literacy. International Encyclopedia of Public Health, 3, 204-211. Retrieved from http://www.ilonakickbusch.com/kickbusch-wAssets/docs/kickbusch-maag.pdf
- Lai, H. R., Wu, D. M., Lee, P. H., & Jhang, Y. S. (2018). Health literacy teaching beliefs, attitudes, efficacy, and intentions of middle school health and physical education teachers. Journal of School Health, 88(5), 350-358. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12615
- Lamanauskas, V., & Augiene, D. (2020). Identifying primary school teachers’ health literacy. Journal of Turkish Science Education, 16(4), 451-466. https://doi.org/10.36681/tused.2020.0
- Li, C., Yang, Y., & Ren, L. (2020). Genetic evolution analysis of 2019 novel coronavirus and coronavirus from other species. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 82(March), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104285
- Li, T., Lu, H., & Zhang, W. (2020). Clinical observation and management of COVID-19 patients. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 9(1), 687-690. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1741327
- Lima, M. de F. G., Vasconcelos, E. M. R. de, & Borba, A. K. de O. T. (2019). Instruments used to evaluate functional health literacy in elderly persons with chronic kidney disease: Integrative review. Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia, 22(3), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-22562019022.180198
- Lin, Q., Zhao, S., Gao, D., Lou, Y., Yang, S., Musa, S. S., … He, D. (2020). A conceptual model for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Wuhan, China with individual reaction and governmental action. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 93, 211-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.02.058
- Lloyd-Sherlock, P. G., Kalache, A., McKee, M., Derbyshire, J., Geffen, L., Casas, F. G.-O., & Gutierrez, L. M. (2020). WHO must prioritise the needs of older people in its response to the covid-19 pandemic. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 368(m1164), 1. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1164
- Mackert, M., Champlin, S., & Mabry-Flynn, A. (2017). Exploring college student health literacy: Do methods of measurement matter? Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, 54(3), 275-285. https://doi.org/10.1080/19496591.2017.1289095
- MacLeod, S., Musich, S., Gulyas, S., Cheng, Y., Tkatch, R., Cempellin, D., … Yeh, C. S. (2017). The impact of inadequate health literacy on patient satisfaction, healthcare utilization, and expenditures among older adults. Geriatric Nursing, 38(4), 334-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2016.12.003
- Mahase, E. (2020). Covid-19: WHO declares pandemic because of “alarming levels” of spread, severity, and inaction. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 368(m1036), 1. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1036
- Matthews, J. D. (2018). Health literacy among female university students in the United Arab Emirates. International Journal of Health Promotion and Education, 56(6), 298-308. https://doi.org/10.1080/14635240.2018.1536524
- Maverick Insider. (2020). Virus literacy for beginners: Influenza and Covid-19. Retrieved April 1, 2010, from Daily Maverick website: https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-03-12-virus-literacy-for-beginners-influenza-and-covid-19/
- McCray, A. T. (2005). Promoting health literacy. Application OfInformation Technology, 12(2), 152-163. https://doi.org/10.1197/jamia.M1687.Addressing
- Mnatzaganian, C., Fricovsky, E., Best, B. M., & Singh, R. F. (2017). An interactive, multifaceted approach to enhancing pharmacy students’ health literacy knowledge and confidence. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 81(2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe81232
- Moon, S. J., & Bai, S. Y. (2020). Components of digital literacy as predictors of youth civic engagement and the role of social media news attention: the case of Korea. Journal of Children and Media. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2020.1728700
- Mullan, J., Burns, P., Weston, K., McLennan, P., Rich, W., Crowther, S., … Osborne, R. (2017). Health literacy amongst health professional university students: A study using the health literacy questionnaire. Education Sciences, 7(2), 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci7020054
- Newsome, C., Mallawaarachchi, I., Conklin, J., & Ray, G. (2018). Health literacy of student pharmacists. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 10(3), 340-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2017.11.005
- Nussbaumer, N. (2020). Six essential media literacy skills for COVID-19 and other crises. Retrieved April 3, 2020, from Buffalo Rising website: https://www.buffalorising.com/2020/03/six-essential-media-literacy-skills-for-covid-19-and-other-crises/
- Oelze, M. (2019). #HashtagPedagogies: Improving Literacy and Course Relevance through Social Media Metaphors. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning, 51(6), 8-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/00091383.2019.1674076
- Okan, O., Sørensen, K., & Messer, M. (2020). COVID-19: A guide to good practice on keeping people well informed. Retrieved April 2, 2020, from The Conversation website: https://theconversation.com/covid-19-a-guide-to-good-practice-on-keeping-people-well-informed-134046#comments-container
- Ozen, N., Bal Ozkaptan, B., Coskun, S., & Terzioglu, F. (2019). Health literacy of nursing students and its effective factors. Nursing Forum, 54(3), 396-402. https://doi.org/10.1111/nuf.12346
- Pampel, F. C., Krueger, P. M., & Denney, J. T. (2010). Socioeconomic disparities in health behaviors. Annual Review of Sociology, 36, 349-370. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102529
- Paulsen, M., & Taekke, J. (2013). Social media and teaching: Education in the new media environment. Defending Democracy., 1-13. Oslo and Akershus University College. Retrieved from https://pure.au.dk/portal/files/54508198/Social_Media_and_Teaching._Taekke_and_Paulsen.pdf
- Peters, R. J. G. (2017). Health literacy skills and the benefits of cardiovascular disease prevention. Netherlands Heart Journal, 25(7-8), 407-408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12471-017-1001-4
- Peterson, F. L., Cooper, R. J., & Laird, J. M. (2001). Enhancing teacher health literacy in school health promotion: A vision for the new millennium. Journal of School Health, 71(4), 138-144. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2001.tb01311.x
- Phan, T. (2020). Genetic diversity and evolution of SARS-CoV-2. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 81(February), 104260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104260
- Pogreba-Brown, K., Ernst, K., & Harris, R. (2012). Teaching epidemiology concepts experientially: A “real” foodborne outbreak in the classroom. Public Health Reports, 127(5), 549-555. https://doi.org/10.1177/003335491212700512
- Protheroe, J., Whittle, R., Bartlam, B., Estacio, E. V., Clark, L., & Kurth, J. (2017). Health literacy, associated lifestyle and demographic factors in adult population of an English city: A cross-sectional survey. Health Expectations, 20(1), 112-119. https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.12440
- Rababah, J. A., Al-Hammouri, M. M., Drew, B. L., & Aldalaykeh, M. (2019). Health literacy: Exploring disparities among college students. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7781-2
- Ranaweera, P. (2017). Importance of information literacy skills for an information literate society. National Institute of Library & Information Sciences, University of Colombo, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
- Rong, H., Cheng, X., Garcia, J. M., Zhang, L., Lu, L., Fang, J., … Chen, J. (2017). Survey of health literacy level and related influencing factors in military college students in Chongqing, China: A cross-sectional analysis. PLoS ONE, 12(5), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177776
- Rosario, C., Modeste, N., Dos Santos, H., Handysides, D., Gamboa-Maldonado, T., & Boyd, K. (2017). An examination of ecological predictors of health literacy in black college students. Journal of American College Health, 65(6), 423-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2017.1341894
- Runk, L., Durham, J., Vongxay, V., & Sychareun, V. (2017). Measuring health literacy in university students in Vientiane, Lao PDR. Health Promotion International, 32(2), 360-368. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daw087
- Schwartz, S. (2020, March 6). Teaching about coronavirus: 3 lesson plans for science, Mmath, and media literacy. Teaching Now - Education Week Teacher. Retrieved from http://blogs.edweek.org/teachers/teaching_now/2020/03/teaching_about_coronavirus_3_lesson_plans_for_science_math_and_media_literacy.html
- Shao, X., & Purpur, G. (2016). Effects of Information Literacy Skills on Student Writing and Course Performance. Journal of Academic Librarianship, 42(6), 670-678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2016.08.006
- Sohrabi, C., Alsafi, Z., Neill, N. O., Khan, M., Kerwan, A., Al-jabir, A., … Agha, R. (2020). World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). International Journal of Surgery, 76, 71-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.02.034
- Soleymani, M. R. (2014). Investigating the relationship between information literacy and academic performance among students. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 3, 95. https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-9531.139677
- Sørensen, K. (2020). Covid-19: Digital health literacy is a key to saving time, costs and lives. Retrieved April 2, 2020, from ICT&health website: https://www.ictandhealth.com/news/covid-19-digital-health-literacy-is-a-key-to-saving-time-costs-and-lives/
- Sørensen, K., Van Den Broucke, S., Fullam, J., Doyle, G., Pelikan, J., Slonska, Z., & Brand, H. (2012). Health literacy and public health: A systematic review and integration of definitions and models. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-80
- Sormunen, M., Goranskaya, S., Kirilina, V., Bykachev, K., & Tossavainen, K. (2018). Home and school responsibilities for children’s health literacy development: the views of Finnish and Russian parents and teachers. Russian Journal of Communication, 10(1), 70-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/19409419.2017.1381570
- Štefková, G., Čepová, E., Kolarčik, P., & Madarasová Gecková, A. (2018). The level of health literacy of students at medical faculties. Kontakt, 20(4), e363-e369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kontakt.2018.10.011
- Su, L., Ma, X., Yu, H., Zhang, Z., Bian, P., Han, Y., … Gai, Z. (2020). The different clinical characteristics of corona virus disease cases between children and their families in China - the character of children with COVID-19. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 9(1), 707-713. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1744483
- Sukys, S., Cesnaitiene, V. J., & Ossowsky, Z. M. (2017). Is health education at university associated with students’ health literacy? evidence from cross-sectional study applying HLS-EU-Q. BioMed Research International, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8516843
- Sykes, S., Wills, J., Rowlands, G., & Popple, K. (2013). Understanding critical health literacy: a concept analysis. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 150. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-150
- Tavakoly Sany, S. B., Peyman, N., Zadehahmad, Z., Ferns, G., & Doosti, H. (2019). Effect of educational interventions on health literacy in patients with heart failure. International Journal of Health Promotion and Education, 57(1), 23-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/14635240.2018.1545597
- Tezci, E., & İçen, M. (2017). High school students’ social media usage habits. Journal of Education and Practice, 8(27), 99-108.
- Tully, M., Vraga, E. K., & Bode, L. (2020). Designing and Testing News Literacy Messages for Social Media. Mass Communication and Society, 23(1), 22-46. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2019.1604970
- Uysal, N., Ceylan, E., & Koç, A. (2020). Health literacy level and influencing factors in university students. Health and Social Care in the Community, 28(2), 505-511. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12883
- Vamos, S., Okan, O., Sentell, T., & Rootman, I. (2020). Making a case for “Education for health literacy”: An international perspective. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1436), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041436
- Vraga, E. K., & Tully, M. (2019). News literacy, social media behaviors, and skepticism toward information on social media. Information, Communication & Society, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2019.1637445
- Wang, H., Wang, Z., Dong, Y., Chang, R., Xu, C., Yu, X., … Cai, Y. (2020). Phase-adjusted estimation of the number of Coronavirus Disease 2019 cases in Wuhan, China. Cell Discovery, 6(1), 4-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41421-020-0148-0
- Watkins, J. (2020). Preventing a covid-19 pandemic. The BMJ, 368(February), 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m810
- Wolf, M. S., Curtis, L. M., Wilson, E. A. H., Revelle, W., Waite, K. R., Smith, S. G., … Baker, D. W. (2012). Literacy, cognitive function, and health: Results of the LitCog study. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 27(10), 1300-1307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-012-2079-4
- Worldometers. (2020). COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. Retrieved April 7, 2020, from Coronavirus website: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
- Yang, J., Park, E. C., Lee, S. A., & Lee, S. G. (2019). Associations between hand hygiene education and self-reported hand-washing behaviors among Korean adults during MERS-CoV outbreak. Health Education and Behavior, 46(1), 157-164. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198118783829
How to cite this article
APA
Fauzi, A., Husamah, H., Miharja, F. J., Fatmawati, D., Permana, T. I., & Hudha, A. M. (2020). Exploring COVID-19 Literacy Level among Biology Teacher Candidates. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 16(7), em1864. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/8270
Vancouver
Fauzi A, Husamah H, Miharja FJ, Fatmawati D, Permana TI, Hudha AM. Exploring COVID-19 Literacy Level among Biology Teacher Candidates. EURASIA J Math Sci Tech Ed. 2020;16(7):em1864. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/8270
AMA
Fauzi A, Husamah H, Miharja FJ, Fatmawati D, Permana TI, Hudha AM. Exploring COVID-19 Literacy Level among Biology Teacher Candidates. EURASIA J Math Sci Tech Ed. 2020;16(7), em1864. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/8270
Chicago
Fauzi, Ahmad, H. Husamah, Fuad Jaya Miharja, Diani Fatmawati, Tutut Indria Permana, and Atok Miftachul Hudha. "Exploring COVID-19 Literacy Level among Biology Teacher Candidates". Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education 2020 16 no. 7 (2020): em1864. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/8270
Harvard
Fauzi, A., Husamah, H., Miharja, F. J., Fatmawati, D., Permana, T. I., and Hudha, A. M. (2020). Exploring COVID-19 Literacy Level among Biology Teacher Candidates. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 16(7), em1864. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/8270
MLA
Fauzi, Ahmad et al. "Exploring COVID-19 Literacy Level among Biology Teacher Candidates". Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, vol. 16, no. 7, 2020, em1864. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/8270