Exploring the Ontological Status of the Race Concept as Perceived by Korean Medical Students

Jun-Ki Lee; Sein Shin; Hyo Hyun Yoo

doi:10.29333/ejmste/92288

Full Text (PDF)

Jun-Ki Lee ¹, Sein Shin ¹, Hyo Hyun Yoo ² ^*

More Detail

¹ Division of Science Education, Biology Major, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, REPUBLIC OF KOREA
² Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, REPUBLIC OF KOREA
^* Corresponding Author

Abstract

This study explored Korean medical students’ perceptions of race from three perspectives: the definition of race, its biological reality, and the practical use of race information in medicine. Using three open-ended survey questions, we collected data from 506 Korean medical students. The data were analyzed through constant comparative analysis. We found diverse perceptions of race held by the students, which were similar to racial concepts that have emerged throughout the history of science. In addition, some students perceived race as a biological reality based on genetics and epidemiology. Lastly, 50.5% of students agreed to the use of the concept of race in the field of medicine for convenience, while the remainder disagreed with its use based on reasons such as racism, multi-culturalism, etc. Based on the results of this study, we suggest the development of an integrated educational program to increase students’ understanding of race based on biology, culture, and ethics.

Keywords

biological reality
medical students
perception
Race

License

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Article Type: Research Article

https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/92288

EURASIA J Math Sci Tech Ed, 2018 - Volume 14 Issue 10, Article No: em1582

Publication date: 14 Jun 2018

Article Views: 869

Article Downloads: 455

Open Access References How to cite this article

References

Alves C., da Silva, M. S. D., Pinto, L. M., Toralles, M. B. P., & Tavares-Neto, J. (2010). Definition and use of the variable “race” by medical students in Salvador, Brazil. São Paulo Medical Journal, 128(4), 206–210. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-31802010000400006.
Anderson, J. R. (1983). A spreading activation theory of memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 22, 261–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(83)90201-3.
Andreasen, R. O. (1998). A new perspective on the race debate. The British Journal of Philosophy of Science, 49, 199–225. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjps/49.2.199.
Bamshad, M., Wooding, S., Salisbury, B. A., & Stephens, J. C. (2004). Deconstructing the relationship between genetics and race. Nature, 5, 598–608. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg1401.
Barbujani, G. (2005). Human races: classifying people vs. understanding diversity. Current Genomics, 6, 215–226. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389202054395973.
Bell, A. C., Adair, L. S., & Popkin, B. M. (2004). Understanding the role of mediating risk factors and proxy effects in the association between socio-economic status and untreated hypertension. Social Science & Medicine, 59, 275–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.10.028.
Biondi, G., & Rickards, O. (2002). The scientific fallacy of the human biological concept of race. Mankind Quarterly, 42(4), 355–388.
Blum, L. (2010). Racialized groups: The sociohistorical consensus. Monist, 93, 298–320. https://doi.org/10.5840/monist201093217.
Blumenbach, J. F. (1795). De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa (5th ed.). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.35972.
Bonham, V. L, Seller, S. L., Gallagher, T. H., Frank, D., Odunlami, A. O., Price, E. G., & Cooper, L. A. (2009). Physicians’ attitudes towards race, genetics and clinical medicine. Genetic in Medicine, 11(4), 279–286. https://doi.org/10.1097/GIM.0b013e318195aaf4.
Brückmann, T., Maetzky, F., & Plümecke, T. (2009). Rassifizierte gene: Zur aktualität biologischer rasse-konzepte in den neuen lebenswissenschaften. In AG gegen Rassismus in den Lebenswissenschaften (ed.), Gemachte differenz: Kontinuitäten biologischer rasse-konzepte (pp. 20–64). Münster: unrast-Verlag.
Cartmill, M. (1999). The status of the race concept in physical anthropology. American Anthropologist, 100(3), 651–660. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1998.100.3.651.
Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. (2001) Genes, peoples, and languages. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. (2005) The Human Genome Diversity Project: Past, present and future. Nature Reviews Genetics, 6, 334–340. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg1596.
Chen, J. J. (2010). The Hardy-Weinberg principle and its applications in modern population genetics. Frontiers in Biology, 5(4), 348–353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11515-010-0580-x.
Chen, L., Goodson, P., Jung, E., Muenzenberger, A., Xu, L., Kwok, O., & Li, M. (2014). Effectiveness of a web-based genomics training for health educators in Texas. Genetics in Medicine, 16(3), 271–278. https://doi.org/10.1038/gim.2013.100.
Chi, M. (1992). Conceptual change within and across ontological categories: Examples from learning and discovery in science. In R. Giere & H. Feigl (Eds.), Cognitive models of science (pp. 129–186). Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.
Chi, M. T. H., Slotta, J. D., & De Leeuw, N. (1994). From things to processes: A theory of conceptual change for learning science concepts. Learning and Instruction, 4, 27–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-4752(94)90017-5.
Choi, H. K. (2014). Undergraduate nursing students’ perceived knowledge and attitudes toward genetics and nursing competencies for genetics. Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science, 16(2), 69–79. https://doi.org/10.7586/jkbns.2014.16.2.69.
Choi, K. (2011). Bioethics and ‘bioethics and law’: An academic identity and future of interdisciplinary bioethics in a pluralistic society. Ewha Law Journal, 17(1), 241–60.
Collier, R. (2012). A race-based detour to personalized medicine. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 184(7), E351-E353. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.109-4133.
Collins, H. (2004). What we do and don’t know about ‘race,’ ‘ethnicity,’ genetics and health at the dawn of the genome era. Nature Genetics, 36(11 Supplement), 13–15. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1436.
Condit, C. M., Parrott, R. L. Harris, T. M., Lynch, J., & Dubriwny T. (2004). The role of “genetics” in popular understandings of race in the United States. Public Understanding of Science, 13, 249-272. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662504045573.
Dar-Nimrod, I., & Heine, S. J. (2012), Genetic essentialism: On the deceptive determinism of DNA. Psychological Bulletin, 137(5), 800–818. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021860.
diSessa, A. A., Gillespie, N. M., & Esterly, J. B. (2004). Coherence versus fragmentation in the development of the concept of force. Cognitive Science, 28, 843–900. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog2806_1.
Dobzhansky, T. (1951a). Genetics and the origin of species (3rd ed.). New York University of Columbia Press.
Dobzhansky, T. (1951b). Human diversity and adaptation. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 15, 385–400. https://doi.org/10.1101/SQB.1950.015.01.037.
Donovan, B. M. (2014). Playing with fire? The implication of the hidden curriculum in school genetics on essentialist conceptions of race. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 51(4), 462–496. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21138.
Donovan, B. M. (2015). Reclaiming race as a topic of the U. S. biology text book curriculum. Science Education, 99(6), 1092-1117. https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.21173.
Efstathiou, S. (2012). How ordinary race concepts get to be usable in biomedical science: An account of founded race concepts. Philosophy of Science, 79(5), 701–713. https://doi.org/10.1086/667901.
Federspil, G., & Sicolo, N. (1994). The nature of life in the history of medical and philosophic thinking. American Journal of Nephrology, 14(4-6), 337–343. https://doi.org/10.1159/000168745.
Fleiss, L. (1981). Statistical methods r rates and portion. New York: Wiley.
Fowler, S. R., Zeidler, D. L., & Sadler, T. D. (2009). Moral sensitivity in the context of socioscientific issues in high school science students. International Journal of Science Education, 31(2), 279–296. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500690701787909.
Fullwilely, D. (2008). Race and genetics: Attempts to define the relationship. Biosocieties, 2, 221–237. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1745855207005625.
Funke, J. (2010). Complex problem solving: A case for complex cognition. Cognitive Processing, 11, 133–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-009-0345-0.
Gannett, L. (2013). Theodosius Dobzhansky and the genetic race concept. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Science, 44(3), 250–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2013.04.009.
Garn, S. (1971). Human Races (3rd ed.). Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
Goodman, A. H. (2000). Why genes don’t count (for racial differences in health). American Journal of Public Health, 90(11), 1699–1702. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.90.11.1699.
Gould, S. J. (1981). The mismeasure of man. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Greiff, S., Krkovic, K., & Nagy, G. (2013). The systematic variation of task characteristics facilitates the understanding of task difficulty: A cognitive diagnostic modeling approach to complex problem solving. Psychological Test and Assessment Modeling, 56(1), 83–103.
Haase, R. (2013). Michael J. Montoya, making the Mexican diabetic: Race, science, and the genetics of inequality. Social History of Medicine, 26(2), 305–306. https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hks121.
Hacking, I. (1995). The looping effects of human kinds. In D. Sperber, D. Premack, & A. J. Premack (Eds.), Causal cognition: A multidisciplinary debate (pp. 351–383 and pp. 384–394 [‘Discussion’]). Oxford: Clarendon.
Hardy, G. H. (1908). Mendelian proportions in a mixed population. Science, 28(706), 49–50. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.28.706.49.
Heinz, A., Müller, D. J., Krach, S., Cabanis, M., & Kluge, U. P. (2014). The uncanny return of the race concept. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8(836), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00836.
Hirschfeld, L. A. (1996). Race in the making. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Hochman, A. (2014). Unnaturalised racial naturalism. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 46, 79–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2014.05.002.
Hoffman, K. M., Trawalter, S., Axt, J. R., & Oliver, M. N. (2016). Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 113(16), 4296-4301. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516047113.
Hyun, J. H. (2014). Changing methodologies and reshaping concepts in biodiversity science: A historical review of research on human genetic diversity. Korean Journal of Environmental Biology, 32(4), 413–425. https://doi.org/10.11626/KJEB.2014.32.4.413.
Jacobson, M. I., & Wilensky, U. (2006). Complex systems in education: Scientific and educational importance and implications for the learning sciences. Journal of the Learning Science, 15(1), 11-34. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327809jls1501_4.
Jones, D. S. (2013). How personalized medicine became genetic, and racial: Werner Kalow and the formations of pharmacogenetics. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 68(1), 1–48. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/jrr046.
Jorde, L. B., & Wooding, S. P. (2004). Genetic variation, classification and ‘race’. Nature Genetics, 36(11), S28–S33. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1435.
Josefson, D. (2000). Pain relief in US emergency rooms is related to patients' race. British Medical Journal, 320(7228), 139.
Ju, I., & Lee, H. (2013). Patterns of middle school students' value-judgement and decision-making on biotechnology-related socioscientific issues. Journal of the Korean Association for Science Education, 33(1), 79–93. https://doi.org/10.14697/jkase.2013.33.1.079.
Kant, I. (1775). Von den verschiedenen Racen der Menschen. Königsberg.
Kaplan, J. M., & Winther, R. G. (2015). Realism, antirealism, and conventionalism about race. Philosophy of Science, 81, 1039–1052. https://doi.org/10.1086/678314.
Keevak, M. (2011). Becoming yellow: A short history of racial thinking. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400838608.
Keita, S. O., Kittles, R. A., Royal, C. D., Bonney, G. E., Furbert-Harris, P., Dunston, G. M., & Rotimi, C. N. (2004). Conceptualizing human variation. Nature Genetics, 36(11), S17–S20. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1455.
Kerr, I. B. (2010). The myth of racial superiority in sports. The Hilltop Review, 4(1), 19-27.
Khan, J. (2012). Race in a bottle: The story of BiDil and racialized medicine in a post-genome age. New York: Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/kahn16298.
Kim, K. H. (2015). Restructuring the discourses for a real multi-cultural society in South Korea. OMNES: The Journal of Multicultural Society, 5(2), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.15685/omnes.2015.01.5.2.1.
Kim, S. Y., & Lim, M. (2016). A study on multicultural experience, multicultural perception, and multicultural self-efficacy of pre-service science teachers. Journal of Learner-Centered Curriculum and Instruction, 16(9), 1091–1118. https://doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2016.16.9.1091.
Kitcher, P. (2007). Does ‘race’ have a future? Philosophy & Public Affairs, 35, 293–317. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1088-4963.2007.00115.x.
Ko, Y., Choi, Y., & Lee, H. (2015). Development of an analytical framework for dialogic argumentation in the context of socioscientific issues: Based on discourse clusters and schemes. Journal of the Korean Association for Science Education, 35(3), 509-521. https://doi.org/10.14697/jkase.2015.35.3.0509.
Kurzban, R., Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (2001). Can race be erased? Coalitional computation and social categorization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 98, 15387-15392. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.251541498.
Lee, C. W. (2014). The need for new curriculum in clinical genetic education. Korean Medical Education Review, 16(1), 50–54. https://doi.org/10.17496/kmer.2014.16.1.050.
Lee, H., Abd-El-Khalick, F., & Choi, K. (2006) Korean science teachers’ perceptions of the introduction of socio-scientific issues into the science curriculum. Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education, 6(2), 97–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/14926150609556691.
Lee, J. I. (2011). A socio-historical study on the creation of the word ‘race’ as the 15th century race project. Research in Social Studies Education, 18(4), 61–77.
Lewontin, R. C. (1972). The apportionment of human diversity. In T. Dobzhansky, M. K. Hecht, & W. C. Steere (Eds.), Evolutionary biology (Vol. 6) (pp. 381–398). New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-9063-3_14.
Lin, S. S., & Kelsey, J. L. (2000). Use of race and ethnicity in epidemiologic research: Concepts, methodological issues, and suggestions for research. Epidemiologic Review, 22(2), 187-202. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a018032.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Linnaeus, C. (1753). Systema Naturae (1st ed.). Leiden.
Ludwig, D. (2014). Hysteria, race, and phlogiston. A model of ontological elimination in the human sciences. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 45, 68–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2013.10.007.
Macfarlane, B., & Cheng, M. (2008). Communism, universalism and disinterestedness: Re-examining contemporary support among academics for Merton’s scientific norms. Journal of Academic Ethics, 6(1), 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-008-9055-y.
Mayr, E. (1942). Systematics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press, New York.
McCloskey, M., Caramazza, A., & Green, B. (1980). Curvilinear motion in the absence of external forces: Naive beliefs about the motion of objects. Science, 210, 1139-1141. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.210.4474.1139.
McDonald, B. (2013). The reproduction of biological ‘race’ through physical education textbooks and curriculum. European Physical Education Review, 19(2), 183-198. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X13486052.
Merton, R. K. (1942). The normative structure of science. In N. Storer (Ed.), The sociology of science: Theoretical and empirical investigations (pp. 267–278). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Montague, A. (1970). The concept of race. London: Cathier Books.
Montoya, M. J. (2011). Making the Mexican diabetic: Race, science, and the genetics of inequality. CA: University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520267305.001.0001.
Morning, A. (2014). Does genomic challenge the social construction of race? Sociological Theory, 32(3), 189–207. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735275114550881.
Morris, S. G. (2011). Preserving the concept of race: A medical expedient, a sociological necessity. Philosophy of Science, 78, 1260–1271. https://doi.org/10.1086/662279.
Ormond, K. E., Hudgins, L., Ladd, J. M., Magnus, D. M., Greely, H. T., & Cho, M. K. (2011). Medical and graduate students' attitudes toward personal genomics. Genetics in Medicine, 13(5), 400–408. https://doi.org/10.1097/GIM.0b013e31820562f6.
Paschou, P., Ziv, E., Burchard, E. G., Choudhry, S., Rodriguez-Cintron, W., Mahoney, M. W., & Drineas, P. (2007). PCA-correlated SNPs for Structure Identification in Worldwide Human Populations. PLoS Genetics, 3(9), 1672-1686. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.0030160.
Reiner, M., Slotta, J. D., Chi, M. T. H., & Resnick, L. B. (2000). Naïve physics reasoning: A commitment to substance-based conceptions. Cognition and Instruction, 18(1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532690XCI1801_01.
Roberts, D. E. (2011). What’s wrong with race-based medicine? Genes, drugs, and health disparities. Minnesota Journal of Law, Science & Technology, 12(1), 1–21.
Root, M. (2003). The use of race in medicine as a proxy for genetic difference. Philosophy of Science, 70, 1173–1183. https://doi.org/10.1086/377398.
Rose, N. (2012). The human science in a biological age. ICS Occasional Paper series, 3(1), 1–24.
Schwartz, R. S. (2001). Racial profiling in medical research. The New England Journal of Medicine, 344, 1392–1393. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200105033441810.
Senior, P. A., & Bhopal, R. (1994). Ethnicity as a variable in epidemiological research. British Medical Journal, 309(6950), 327–330. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.309.6950.327.
Shiao, J. L., Bode, T., Beyer, A., & Selvig, D. (2012). The genomic challenge to the social construction of race. Sociological Theory, 30(2), 67–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735275112448053.
Shim, J. K. (2002). Understanding the routinised inclusion of race, socioeconomic status and sex in epidemiology: The utility of concepts from technoscience studies. Sociology of Health & Illness, 24(2), 129–150. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.00288.
Shin, N., Jonassen, H. D., & McGee, S. (2003). Predictors of well-structured and ill-structured problem solving in an astronomy simulation. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 40(1), 6–33. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.10058.
Smith, R. (2005). Does reflexivity separate the human sciences from the natural sciences? History of the Human Sciences, 18(4), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0952695105058468.
Son, Y. S. (2010). Bioethics from the standpoint of medicine. Journal of Korean Bioethics Association, 11(2), 77–84.
Sumner, W. G. (1906). Folkways: A study of the sociological importance of usages, manners, customs, mores, and morals. NY: Mentor.
Templeton, A. R. (2013). Biological races in human. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 44(3), 262-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2013.04.010.
Tsodikov, A., Gulati, R., de Carvalho, T. M., Heijnsdijk, E. A. M., Hunter-Merrill, R. A., Mariotto, A. B., de Koning, H. J., & Etzioni, R. (2017). Is prostate cancer different in black men? Answers from 3 natural history models. Cancer, 123(12), 2312–2319. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.30687.
UNESCO (1978). Declaration on race and racial prejudice. Retrieved from http://www.unesco.org/webworld/peace_library/UNESCO/HRIGHTS/107-116.HTM.
Whitmarsh, I., & Jones, D. S. (2010). Governance and the uses of race. In What’s the use of race? Modern governance and the biology of difference. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1-23.
Winther, R. G., & Kaplan, J. M. (2013a). Ontologies and politics of bio-genomic ‘race.’ Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory, 60(3), 54–80.
Winther, R. G., & Kaplan, J. M. (2013b). The genetic reification of ‘race’?: A story of two mathematical methods. Critical Philosophy of Race, 2(2), 204–23.
Wolf, E. (1994). Perilous ideas: Race, culture, people. Current Anthropology, 35, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1086/204231.
Worthman, C. M. (1995). Hormones, sex, and gender. Annual Reviews of Anthropology, 24, 593–617. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.24.100195.003113.
Yoo, H. H., Lee, J. K., & Shin, S. S. (2017). Explanatory study of medical students’ perception of life concept. Korean Medical Education Review, 19(1), 36–46. https://doi.org/10.17496/kmer.2017.19.1.36.
Yoon, S. Y., Suh, J. K., & Park, S. (2014). Korean students' perceptions of scientific practices and understanding of nature of science. International Journal of Science Education, 36(16), 2666–2693. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2014.928834.
Youn, S. J., & Seo, H. A. (2014). Teachers’ conceptions about the genetic determinism of human behaviors. Journal of the Korean Association for Science Education, 34(4), 407–415. https://doi.org/10.14697/jkase.2014.34.4.0407.
Yudell, M., Roberts, D., DeSalle, R., & Tishkoff, S. (2016). Taking race out of human genetics. Science, 351(6273), 564–565. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4951.
Zeidler, D. L., & Nichols, B. H. (2009). Socioscientific issues: Theory and practice. Journal of Elementary Science Education, 21(2), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03173684.
Zeidler, D. L., Sadler, T. D., Simmons, M. L., & Howes, E. V. (2005). Beyond STS: A research-based framework for socioscientific issues education. Science Education, 89, 357–377. https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.20048.

How to cite this article

APA

Lee, J.-K., Shin, S., & Yoo, H. H. (2018). Exploring the Ontological Status of the Race Concept as Perceived by Korean Medical Students. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 14(10), em1582. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/92288

Vancouver

Lee JK, Shin S, Yoo HH. Exploring the Ontological Status of the Race Concept as Perceived by Korean Medical Students. EURASIA J Math Sci Tech Ed. 2018;14(10):em1582. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/92288

AMA

Lee JK, Shin S, Yoo HH. Exploring the Ontological Status of the Race Concept as Perceived by Korean Medical Students. EURASIA J Math Sci Tech Ed. 2018;14(10), em1582. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/92288

Chicago

Lee, Jun-Ki, Sein Shin, and Hyo Hyun Yoo. "Exploring the Ontological Status of the Race Concept as Perceived by Korean Medical Students". Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education 2018 14 no. 10 (2018): em1582. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/92288

Harvard

Lee, J.-K., Shin, S., and Yoo, H. H. (2018). Exploring the Ontological Status of the Race Concept as Perceived by Korean Medical Students. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 14(10), em1582. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/92288

MLA

Lee, Jun-Ki et al. "Exploring the Ontological Status of the Race Concept as Perceived by Korean Medical Students". Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, vol. 14, no. 10, 2018, em1582. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/92288